Sydney - Coupling paper qualifications with green cards has helped turn Australia's higher education sector into an industry bigger than tourism. Linking diplomas with permanent residency visas has helped draw in almost 500,000 foreign students and annual revenues of 15 billion Australian dollars (12 billion US dollars).
But a bonanza that saw the fees from foreigners generating 20 per cent of the higher education sector's income is coming to an end.
The lax regulation that allowed unscrupulous operators to flourish damaged Australia's brand and made the United States, Canada and Britain more attractive to those wanting prestigious degrees.
A crackdown on shady operators coupled with tougher immigration rules is also crimping numbers because colleges can no longer promise that their diplomas will lead to a visa.
"We are just on the threshold of dealing with all the social, immigration and other issues that arise from allowing this juggernaut to go unchecked," said Bob Birrell, a demographer at Melbourne's Monash University.
Birrell has long railed against a system where a qualification from a local institution counts toward getting a visa.
In recent years, diplomas in cookery, hairdressing or other vocational disciplines were worth enough points to deliver permanent residency.
It wasn't long before colleges were promising youngsters from abroad that a course in cookery would come with a visa without the bother of actually working in a kitchen.
Most of the growth was at the vocational training level, which was likewise where most of the money has been made and most of the problems are emerging.
Sydney's Sterling College, for instance, went bankrupt in July, leaving its 500 mostly Indian students in the lurch.
"The people who run this place should be jailed," an aggrieved Gaurav Garg said after turning up for lectures only to find a closure notice pinned to the front door. "They have cheated us, and the Australian government has been asleep."
Garg, 29, is hoping to complete his studies elsewhere before his student visa expires or his money runs out.
Five years ago, there were about 4,000 Indian nationals enrolled in vocational training courses. Now, the number is 52,000. Indians, second to Chinese in overall foreign student numbers, are the biggest ethnic block in vocational training.
Meanwhile, the hurdles to permanent residency are getting higher. Canberra is edging toward dismantling the visas-for-diplomas system after first watching it grow. It's even taken to blaming foreign students for shaping the system.
"The Australian government will adjust the programme to meet our national needs and not be driven by the education choices of overseas students," Immigration Minister Chris Evans said in New Delhi. "The skills and qualifications we seek in migrants will vary over time."
Tony Pollock, chief executive of the English language-testing firm IDP Education Pty Ltd, welcomes the move to decouple education and immigration and to clean up the lower rungs of the private sector.
"It was too easy for unethical operators to set up poor-quality colleges with the primary purpose of giving students permanent residency rather than an educational qualification," he said. "These schemes found overseas promoters to advertise them and turned into a migration loophole."
